Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps.
First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer
(1) this step as problem representation. For many problems,
figuring (2) which information is relevant and (3)
is extraneous can be difficult and can interfere (4)
arriving at a good solution. Clearly, before a problem can be solved,
it must be obvious (5) the problem is, however, this is not
as easy (6) it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem
representation is functional fixedness, that is, allowing preconceived notions
and even prejudices (7) color the facts. Most people tend
(8) see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being
inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools
(9) the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately,
(10) , the second step consists (11)
considering the alternatives for a solution. A common way to evaluate
alternatives is to write them (12) and then make a list
(13) advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again,
people may be limited by prior experiences. Often people adopt mental sets
(14) lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were
successful for problems (15) the past. Although that can be
helpful most (16) the time, sometimes a new situation
requires a different strategy. (17) that case, the mental set
must be abandoned, (18) new alternatives must be
explored. After the alternatives have been compared, a strategy
must be selected (19) among them. One way to avoid becoming
mired in the options is (20) try the best option with a view
to abandoning it for another (21) the results are
unfavorable. This attitude allows many people to move on expeditiously
(22) the next step—action. The strategy selected must be
implemented and tested. If it solves the problem, no further action is
necessary, but if (23) , then the cycle begins again,
starting (24) problem identification. By continuing to review
the problem (25) repeat the problem-solving steps, the
solution can be improved upon and refined.