单项选择题

Eskimo villages today are larger and more complex than the traditional nomadic (游牧的) groups of Eskimo kinsmen. Village decision-making is organized through community councils and co-operative boards of directors, institutions which the Eskimos were encouraged by the government to adopt. They have been more readily accepted in villages like Fort Chimo where there is individualistic wage ethos and where ties of kinship are less important than in the rural village such as Port Burwell, where communal sharing between kinsmen is more emphasized. Greater contact with southern Canadians and better educational facilities have shown Fort Chi- mo Eskimos that it is possible to argue and negotiate with the government rather than to acquiesce passively in its policies. The old-age paternalism of southern Canadians over the Eskimos has died more slowly in the rural villages where Eskimos have been more reluctant to voice their opinions aggressively. This has been a frustration to government officials trying to develop local leadership amongst the Eskimos, but a blessing to other departments whose plans have been accepted without local obstruction. In rural areas the obligations of kinship often run counter to the best interests of the village and potential leaders were restrained from making positive contribution to the village council. More recently, however, the educated Eskimos have been voicing the interests of those in the rural areas. They are trying to persuade the government to recognize the rights of full-time hunters, by protecting their hunting territories from mining and oil prospectors, for example. The efforts of this active minority are percolating through to the remoter villages whose in- habitants are becoming increasingly vocal. Continuing change is inevitable but future development policy in Ungava must recognize that most Eskimos retain much of their traditional outlook on life. New schemes should focus on resources that the Eskimos are used to handling as the Port Burwell projects have done, rather than on enterprises such as mining where effort is all too easily consigned to an unskilled labor force. The musk-ox project at Fort Chimo and the tourist lodge at George River are new directions for future development 19ut there are pitfalls. Since 1967 musk-oxen have been reared near Chimo for their finer-than-cashmere under- coat which can be knitted. But the farm lies eight kilometers from the village, across a river, and it has been difficult to secure Eskimo interests in the project. For several months of the year at the freeze-up of the river ice the river cannot be crossed easily, and a small number of Eskimo herdsmen become isolated from the amenities and social life in Fort Chimo. The original herd of fifteen animals is beginning to breed but it will be difficult to attract more herdsmen as long as other employment is available within the village. The Eskimos’’ uncritical acceptance of outside control______.