For a wrong word, underline
the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided
at the end of the line. For a missing word,
mark the position of the missing word with a "∧" sign and
write the word
you believe to be missing in the blank
provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word,
cross the unnecessary word with a slash "—" and put the word in the
blank
provided at the end of the line.
In the early 1450s cultural change in Europe fueled a
growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written
documents. Before this time, scribal monks hand-copied sacred texts for
centuries. But for the secular world began to develop and
(1) ______ distribute new forms of sacred texts,
the scribes could not keep up the demand. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and
businessman (2)
______ from southern Germany, foresees the profit-making potential for a
(3) ______ printing press that used movable
metal type, and borrowed money to develop that we know now as the modern
printing press. He (4)
______ developed his press by combing features of existed technologies:
(5) ______ textile, papermaking and wine
presses. Perhaps his most significant innovation, therefore, was
the (6) ______ efficient molding
and casting of movable metal type. Gutenberg designed a Latin print Bible
which became his most famous work. Despite of the dramatic success of his
printing press, (7)
______ Gutenberg managed to default on a loan and lost his whole
printing establishment. His techniques were made publicly and his creditor
(8) ______ won the rights to the proceeds
from the Gutenberg Bibles. In 1476, William Caxton set up
England’s first printing press. Caxton had been a prolific translator and
found the printing press to be a marvelousway to expand his mission of
promoting unpopular literature, the innovation of the printing press
(9) ______ ultimately
influenced art, literature, philosophy and politics. Today, print is thought
of as one of the markers of key historical shifts in communication, creating
a social and intellectual transform.
(10) ______