单项选择题

Ever since Jing Youliang graduated from Wuhan University in 2003, he’s been on the move. In the past four years, the 26-year-old has worked in Guangzhou, Wuhan and now Beijing
Each of those moves gave Jing a headache--not because of all the packing, but because of the bureaucracy surrounding social security, which includes medical care, pension and unemployment.
Moving to another place in China "means a lot more than leaving old friends and making new ones. It also requires leaping over hurdles that, if ignored, could jeopardize one’s future benefits.
"Every time I settle down in a new city, I have to set up a new social security account," explained Jing, a real estate agent. "When I want to leave, I have to transfer my accumulated payments to an account in Chongqing, or it may hurt my benefits in the future."
According to the National Bureau of Statistics in 2006, about 147 million Chinese were part of the "floating population". About 52 million of them, or 35 percent, were young people aged 14 to 29.
Such movement, however necessary for young people trying to settle into a career, can create problems that last long into the future. Social security funds are collected at the city and county level. Because of this, moving from one place to another means that wage-earners can lose some or all of their required investment.
Under the current system, people cannot carry their whole social security funds with them during a move. Payments made by their former employer into the fund are surrendered to the local government. In most cases, those paid by wage-earners may only be transferred to the city on their residence permit, or hukou.
Zheng Bingwen, a pension fund expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), blames this bureaucracy on local government protectionism. In China, around 2,200 units at county and city level collect and manage the social security funds of local citizens.
"Cities don’t want newcomers. Usually, they can’t take the portion paid by their former employers. It is much larger than the amount individuals pay to the accounts. This means their arrival won’t help much in expanding the city’s fund, but there will be more to share it," said Zheng.
Local governments gained control over social security in the 1980s, when the system was first established. "The central government didn’t have the money to take on the financial burden of providing pension and medical care for the people," explained Zheng. So the local governments were requested to do it and they began to manage the fund, said Zheng.
Last week, however, the central government took steps to begin fixing this problem. It aims to move control of the funds from the city and county levels to the provincial level. The move would combine those 2,200 separate funds into fewer, more centralized funds.
However, as Zheng Gongcheng, professor of social security at Renmin University of China, explained, this reform has its own problems: "In Guangdong, for example, Guangzhou residents pay 8 percent of their personal wages towards social security. But in poor cities like Shaoguan, wage-earners pay only 6 percent," said Zheng. "The provincial government has to consider the difference and find a way around it. \
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