填空题

A=Football B=Table Tennis C=Standing Volleyball D=Basketball
Which description (s) mentioned that...
A
Football The game of football has a history of constant rule changes. Rule changes have been implemented to bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase the game’s safety. By 1906 the game was extremely rough, and many injuries and some deaths had occurred. Educators considered dropping the sport de spite its popularity on campuses. United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and ardent advocate of strenuous sports, declared that the game must be made safer. As a result, football leaders revamped the game, and many of the rougher tactics were outlawed. In a constant attempt to maintain public interest in the game, NFI. rulemakers review trends in their sport. For example, in the early 1970s, the rulemakers brought the hash marks in closer to the center of the field to give offenses more room to throw wide. The move, which increased scoring and made the game more exciting, also helped bolster the running game. Ten NFL runners gained more than 1 000 yards in one season (1972) for the first time in history. During the next season, Buffalo Bills’ running back O.J. Simpson rushed for more than 2 000 yards, the first time a player had gained that many yards in a single season. However, the passing game eventually suffered as defenses quickly adjusted. The Pittsburgh Steelers had a stranglehold on the NFL during the 1970s, with four Super Bowl victories. The dominant defensive athletes the Steelers put on the field shut down the wide-open passing attacks that had developed in the previous era. By 1977 scoring was the lowest it had been since 1942, while offensive touchdowns had fallen to their lowest levels since 1938. The rulemakers enacted serious measures after this low scoring 1977 season, fearing a loss of public interest in the defense-dominated game.
B
Table Tennis Table Tennis began in England. The game, and to begin with it was only a game and not a sport, was born in the 1 880s when adherents of lawn tennis adapted their pastime to be played indoors during the winter months. "Whiff-Waft" and "Ping Pong" were just two of a number of games patented in England during the 1890’s, and sold with simple rules. "Gossamer" was another early name for the game from which Table Tarots evolved. Early equipment consisted of rubber or cork balls, and bats made of dried animal skins stretched over a wooden frame.
The game’s popularity rose steadily, sometimes dramatically, and by 1901 table tennis tournaments were being organised, associations had been formed, and books on the game had been published. An unofficial "World Championship" was held in 1902. The "parlour game" of table tennis was rapidly assuming the status of a serious sport.
The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was formed in Berlin in 1926 and international laws were adopted. The first official World Championships were held in London the same year. Seven countries participated. By this time balls were made of celluloid and bats consisted of sheets of pimpled rubber glued to wooden blades. Developments over later decades included "sandwich" rubber (pimpled rubber attached to a layer of sponge), rubbers specially treated to impart extra spin or to absorb spin, and "speed" glues which were absorbed into the sponge to make the rubber springier and add speed to the ball.
C
Standing Volleyball Standing Volleyball was played by disabled sportsmen long before the International Federation was founded, It has its roots in Great Britain and was originally only played by amputees. Due to the variations of amputation, a classification system was set up and players were put into one of nine categories. To encourage those with a more severe amputation to participate, a point system on court was introduced -- each player received points for the degree of amputation -- and 13 points was the minimal team requirement on court.
In 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in, thereby encouraging more nations to participate. Although this initially created more classification problems, the WOVD finally, after four years, established criteria for classification, which includes those players with various arm or leg disabilities.
D
Basketball Dr James Naismith is known world-wide as the inventor of basketball. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada. The concept of basketball was born from his school days in the area where he played a simple child’s game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. Naismith went on to attend McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
After serving as McGill’s Athletic Director, he moved on to the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA in 1891 where the sport of basketball was born. In Springfield, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding a sport that was suitable for playing inside during the Massachusetts winter for the students at the School for Christian Workers. Naismith wanted to create a game of skill for the students instead of one that relied solely on strength. He needed a game that could be playe4 indoors in a relatively small space. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals.
Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball.
·the game began in England in the 1880s 71. ______
·in 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in 72. ______
·in 1926 an international organization was formed and international laws were adopted 73. ______
·the sport was created by a Canadian in the USA 74. ______
·it was originally only played by amputees 75. ______
·the game was extremely rough 76. ______
·a point system on court was introduced 77. ______
·the rulemakers enacted serious measures 78. ______
·"Gossamer" was another early name for the kind of sport 79. ______
·the first game was played with a soccer ball 80. ______