Section A Directions: Translate the
underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write
the answers on the Answer Sheet.
War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modem
guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth’s
surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional
goals of conflict. (91) Control of territory carries with it the obligation
to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other
social services; such obligations far exceed the benefits of control. If the
ruled population is racially different from the rulers, tensions and constant
unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of
domination. (92) Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power
and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe
burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modem
governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory
have been progressively weakened by the advances of modem technology. (93)
The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly
exceeded by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods
and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays. (94)
Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80
centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became "civilized",
but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role
and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought
significant material rewards, the most obvious of which was the stored wealth of
the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as salves
or soldiers for the victor’s army, and there was the productive
capacity---agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced
spiritual benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of
security, and power gained over others created pride and national
self-esteem. (95) War was accepted in the premodernized
society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an
unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war
made it a vital part of literature and legends.