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Differences of Policemen
Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV.
The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to.
Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing mil- lions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes.
Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.
Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidencE.
At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.
If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.
A policeman has to be trained in criminal law because______.
A.he must be able to tell when and where a crime is committed
B.he must justify the arrests he makes of criminals
C.he must behave as professional lawyers do
D.he must work hard to help reform. criminals

A.B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
A
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J.he
K.he

【参考答案】

B
解析：根据文章第二段的内容，我们可以看到警察必须懂得刑法，因为他必须确切知道什么行为是犯罪，什么样的证据可以......

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In the eighteenth century, Japan's feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords' failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords' control. Concentration of the samurai in castle towns had acted as a stimulus to nudE.Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform. administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensivE.Overlords' income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overloads' income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an in crease in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan's central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constraineD.Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenuE.Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasiblE.Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government incomE.Most of the country's wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun's burden of financing the statE.A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yielD.Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns' search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.Which is the author's attitude toward the samurai discussed in the first paragraph?A.Warmly approving.B.Mildly sympathetiC.C.Bitterly disappointeD.D.Harshly disdainful.

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Tattoos didn't spring up with the dawn of biker gangs and rook 'n' roll bands. They've been around for a long time and had many different meanings over the course of history.For years, scientists believed that Egyptians and Nubians were the first people to tattoo their bodies. Then, in 1991, a mummy was discovered, dating back to the Bronze Age of about 3,300 B.C.'The Iceman,' as the specimen was dubbed, had several markings on his body, including a cross on the inside of his knee and lines on his ankle and back. It is believed these tattoos were made in a curative effort.Being so advance, the Egyptians reportedly spread the practice of tattooing throughout the worlD.The pyramid-building third and fourth dynasties of Egypt developed international nations with Crete, Greece, Persia and ArabiA.The art tattooing stretched out ail the way to Southeast Asia by 2,000 B.C.. Around the same time, the Japanese became interested in the art but only for its decorative attributes, as opposed to magical ones. The Japanese tattoo artists were the undisputed masters. Their use of colors, perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a whole new anglE.During the first millennium A.D., Japan adopted Chinese culture in many aspects and confined tattooing to branding wrongdoers.In the Balkans, the Thracians had a different use for the craft. Aristocrats, according to Herodotus, used it to show the world their social status. Although early Europeans dabbled with tattooing, they truly rediscovered the art from when the world exploration of the post-Renaissance made them seek out new cultures. It was their meting with Polynesian that introduced them to tattooing. The word, in fact is derived from the Polynesian word tattau, which means 'to mark.'.Most of the early Uses of tattoos were ornamental. However, a number of civilizations had practical applications for this craft. The Goths, a tribe of Germanic barbarians famous for pillaging Roman settlements, used tattoos to mark their slaves. Romans did the same with slaves and criminals.In Tahiti, tattoos were a rite of passage and told the history of the person's lifE.Reaching adulthood, boys got one tattoo to commemorate the event. Men were marked with another stylE.when they got marrieD.Later, tattoos became the souvenir of choice for globetrotting sailors. Whenever they would reach an exotic locale, they would get a new tattoo to mark the occasion. A dragon was a famous stylE.that meant the sailor had reached a 'China station' At first, sailors would spend their free time on the ship tattooing themselves and their mates. Soon after, tattoo parlors were set up in the area, surrounding ports worldwidE.In the middle of the 19th century, police officials believed that half of the criminal underworld La New York City had tattoos. Port areas were renowned for being rough places full of sailors that were guilty of some crime or another. This is most likely how tattoos got such a bad reputation and became associated with rebels and delinquents.According to the passage, tattoos were adopted for all of the following purposes EXCEPT ______.A.To treat the diseaseB.To challenge social moresC.To record the footprints of one's lifeD.To adorn oneself

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