填空题

There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can　1　us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 　2　it. It is not a fit　3　for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted　4　No one would have been more　5　than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and　6　veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to　7　. When his works became the　8　words of advance knowledge,　9　knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are　10　here and there that some of us in the book world may be　11　ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some　12　things are being said about books. It is made to　13　that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is　14　books. We do neither service nor justice to books by　15　upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today are not necessarily to be found between　16　There are elements of newness in the present　17　of man that will not readily be　18　of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for　19　automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages　20　fresh, razor-edged analytical thought.

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B

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Directions: You are promoting the sale of fax machine for a corporation. Write a sales letter to a business office manager to describe: 1) its advantages over mails and e-mail, 2) service and guarantee, and 3) the easiest way of purchase. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

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There is much discussion in the literature these days about how one defines sustainability, sustainable development, and related concepts. Many argue that the concept is useless because it cannot be adequately defined . 46) Most of this discussion is misdirected because it attempts to cast the problem as definitional, when in fact it is a problem of prediction, and it fails to take into account the many time and space scales over which the concept of sustainability must apply. Defining sustainability is actually quite easy: A sustainable system is one that survives for some specified (finite) time. The problem is that one knows one has a sustainable system only after the fact. Thus, what usually pass for definitions of sustainability are actually predictions of what set of conditions will actually lead to a sustainable system.47) For example, keeping harvest rates of potentially renewable resources such as trees and wildlife below rates of natural renewal should, one could argue, lead to a sustainable natural resource extraction system. But that is a prediction, not a definition. Usually there is so much uncertainty in our ability to estimate natural rates of renewal and our ability to observe and regulate harvest rates that a simple prediction such as this is always highly suspect.Likewise, sustainable economic development can be observed only after the fact. 48)Most definitions of sustainable development include elements of a sustainable scale of the economy relative to its ecological life support system; a fair distribution of resources and opportunities between current and future generations, as well as between individuals in the current generation; and an efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Note that these three components of sustainable economic development are actually predictors of sustainability and not really elements of a definition. Like all predictions, they are uncertain and are subject to much discussion and disagreement.49) The second problem is that when one says a system has achieved sustainability, one does not mean an infinite life span, but rather a life span that is consistent with the system’’s expected time and space scale. We expect an organism to have a longer life span, the species to have an even longer life span, and the planet to last much longer. But no system is expected to have an infinite life span.The real problems are not so much defining the goal as predicting what policies will lead to its achievement. Here there is ample room for, and need of, vigorous discussion, debate, analysis, and modeling in order to determine which policies have the best chance of achieving the goal of sustainability. 50) Given the huge uncertainties involved, it is of particular importance in this regard to select policies that are precautionary, that is, they do not take unnecessary risks that could decrease the chances for sustainability they do not rely on hoped-for technological fixes for their successes.