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Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists 1. For
the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong banal and
corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud simply declared it
to be neurotic. 2. Experience shows that looking on the bright
side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the
positive mindset(思想倾向) as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists
live longer. 3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at
the Mayo Clinic in the US State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by
people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died
and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists
among them. 4. The points more on the pessimism scale-that was
the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic"-were
enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the
study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of
Pennsylvania. 5. The study does not say why pessimists die but
an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes
it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the
longevity equation. 6. The latest evidence to support the theory
that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided
by professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin’s Free University who questioned 600 heart
and lung patients. His conclusion: optimists recover more swiftly from
operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after
treatment and return to work more swiftly. 7. There have been
suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists
later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a
person’s state of health at the outset (最初) and the effect remains the
same. 8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind
themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way.
"Sublimating (vi.升华) and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are
a way of seeing reality in the best light," said California. 9.
German science journal Bild der Wissenschaft, which carries a major article on
the topic in its current March issue, commented on "the right attitude" to
having a tumor. 10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way
towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a
complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.
11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of US cycling
professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose
unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling’s
premiers Tour de France. 12. The magazine also quoted a study by
Sheldon Cohens of the Caregie Mellon University in Pittsburgh: 420 volunteers
were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day
later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13.
The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term
relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to
trigger a cold. Of people with three of fewer firm relationships 62 percent
became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close
human links. An experiment showed that optimists were______.