Part B The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage.
Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow,
according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the
corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the
center.
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to
the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning
her friend’s face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion Yes! Allie is a
capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help
improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every
job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or
characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to
act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach
animals toper form extraordinary tasks. Throughout history,
humans have relied on animals’ traits to get certain jobs done. For example,
compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says
Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas.
That’s because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in
their noses. For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down
prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal
substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of
the collapsed building or highway. Primates may not be good
sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are
perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are
unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys
have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand’s other fingers--so monkeys can
pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew
bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your
favorite tape into the VCR. And speaking of VCRs, animals are
even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher
at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to
carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of
whales. So how do you get an animal employee to do its job The
answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions
through a process called conditioning. Most trainers condition
animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something
correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their
dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs
love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz,
who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York. After
repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate
the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus,
the dog seeks cot drags (it’s like learning to study hard for a tests in order
to get a good grade as a reward.) At "Helping Hands--Monkey
Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being
teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to
become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to
a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around
people. Taking the monkeys in when they’re four to six weeks old
is important, says Bailey. "That’s when monkeys normally become socialized to
other monkeys," she says. Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys
to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey
may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive.
Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food,
drinks. Allie is a capuchin 16 who
helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 17
of many animals who can be 18 to do certain
jobs. Besides monkeys, 19 and sea lions can also give
people a helping 20 . Dogs are good at
21 down prey and sniffing out 22 and
23 because they have millions of 24 in
their nose Monkeys are good helper for the 25 , who cannot
look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the 26
of whales because they :can 27 to the deep
ocean. In addition, 28 are part of whales’ natural
environment, which makes the video more 29 .
But animals cannot do the jobs 30 training. The main
process of training is called 31 , which uses 32
. During the training, trainers 33 an animal for
doing something 34 . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement
can 35 a year before they are qualified for their
jobs.
