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Types of Examinations
An examination falls into one of two main categories: the objective exam and the subjective exam. Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages, depending upon the course, content, and purpose of the exam.
OBJECTIVE EXAMINATIONS. There are numerous variations of this type of exam. Basically, in an objective exam you are limited to selecting the right answer from a group of possible answers. You do not write anything; you merely decide whether the answer opposite A, B,C, or D is correct. This ex am is considered to be objective in two ways:(1)Each student has an equal chance; he must merely choose the correct answer from the same list of alternatives, therefore he has no opportunity to express a different attitude or personal opinion.(2)The judgment and personality of the teacher cannot influence the correction in any way. Indeed, many objective tests are scored by machines.
This type of exam may be graded more quickly and objectively than the subjective type, but it is not necessarily more reliablE.An objective exam requires you only to recognize rather than to reproduce what you have learneD.Although a well-constructed objective exam can require you to think through a complicated problem, evaluating alternatives before selecting an answer, it is generally not as effective as the subjective type in measuring your ability to assimilate or interpret information.
Objective exams are usually true-false, multiple choice, matching, or sentence completion questions.
Standard Exams: A standard exam is an objective type that is used widely and often repeatedly. You may have taken an English exam of this kind; for example, TOEFL( Test of English as a Foreign Language), or the English Proficiency Test. The Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Record Examination are other examples.
On exams of this type, you are not expected to answer all of the questions or get a perfect scorE.Your result is reported as a standard score, based on the results of thousands of students. Because these exams are corrected by machine, you do not indicate answers on the exam paper itselF.Instead you mark a separate answer sheet, usually by blackening a space or letter that corresponds with the letter of the answer on the exam paper. Whatever the specific directions may be, follow them exactly. A machine cannot guess what answers you intendeD.Also, because you must read questions on one paper and record answers on another paper, under the pressure of time you may become confused and misplace an answer. Be sure that the number of the answer corresponds with the number of the question.
On any type of objective exam, it is important to read the directions carefully and follow them exactly. They will differ from exam to exam, and sometimes within an exam. Be sure you understand how you should indicate your answer and that you do it exactly as requireD.Otherwise your answer is likely to be counted wrong.
When you take an exam of this kind, look over the whole exam first to get a general idea of the type and range of questions, the method of indicating your answers, and any suggested distribution of timE.Check to see if there are any directions about guessing. Often a wrong answer counts off double while an omitted answer counts off only onE.Avoid wild guessing, but if you have a vague idea of the answer, or if you are sure that several of the choices are obviously wrong, it may be to your advantage to guess.
When you are sure that you understand the directions, begin. Do not spend too much time on any one question. If you are not sure of it, omit it and go on to others, coming back to it later if you have timE.
Read the statements careful. Look for important key words such as all, none, never, always, some times, least, best. Words of this kind are modifiers on which the correctne
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解析：本题的关键词是“objective exam”，“choose answer”，文中第一部分第二句明确......

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听力原文： When you take a walk in any of the cities in the West, you often see a lot of people walking dogs. It is still true that a dog is the most useful and faithful animal in the world, but the masons why people keep a dog have changeD.[32] In the old days people used to train dogs to protect themselves against attacks by other beasts. And later they came to realize that [33] a dog was not only useful for protection but willing to obey his master. For example, when people used dogs for hunting, the dogs would not eat what was caught without permission. But now people in the city need not protect themselves against attacks of animals. Why do they keep dogs, then? Some people keep dogs to protect themselves from robbery. [34] But the most important reason is for companionship. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For young couples, a dog is their child when they have no children. For old couples, a dog is also their child when their real children have grown up. So the main reason why people keep dogs has [35] changed from protection to friendship.(33)A.For protection against other animals.B.For protection against other dogs.C.Just for fun.D.For the purpose of guarding the housE.

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Ways to Take It to the Next Level'No matter what you're doing, there comes a time when you are going to want to take things up a notch. Maybe it's your career--even if things are going along fine right now, ultimately you'd like to get a promotion, increase your client base, or reach a larger audiencE.Or maybe it's a hobby that you think you'd like to turn into a career.Getting started with anything can be a struggle, but once you reach a certain level of success, it can be hard to figure out how to make whatever it is you do truly remarkablE.The things we do have' a way of developing their own inertia, and if we're not careful, we get carried along in the routine without ever realizing the full potential of what we and our lives can bE.How can you shake things up a bit? What do you have to do to take your project, your career, your product, or your life to the next level? Read on...1. Build Your BrandThe strength of your brand is how well you are associated with whatever you do. When people hear the word 'lifehack', they think of personal productivity, and when they hear 'personal productivity' they think of lifehack. It's a pretty strong branD.Some people have equally strong brands: when you hear about permission marketing, chances are you think of Seth Godin.How strongly is your name linked with what you do? What could you do to link them more strongly? Some things to consider:- Traditional marketing: Commercials, print ads, billboards, bus wraps--anything that gets your name and message in people's faces. There are a few problems, though: people might mistake .your message, linking you with the wrong specialty; people tend to tune out a lot of advertising as a survival mechanism; people often respond negatively to blatant (炫耀的) branding efforts; it's quite expensivE.- blogging: A blog is a conversation with your audience, and can help build up a loyal following that actually cares about what you do.- Word-of-mouth: Hard to create and hard to fake, but very effectivE.Seek out people with a great deal of influence and focus on convincing them of your valuE.If Seth Godin wrote on his blog that you were the best web writer he knew of, we can bet that within the day your career would be at the next level (maybe the level after that, even!).2. Build Your AudienceMake a concerted effort to increase the number of people who know about you. Branding is part of this, but it's not all of it. Give something away, find a new outlet, tell everyone you meet what-you do, hand out cards wherever you go, show up at conferences and exhibitions, go to your kids' classrooms and talk about what you do ( and make it interesting enough that they tell their parents). Make yourself useful so people have a compelling reason to pay attention.3. Increase Your OutputGive your audience, whoever that is, more of what they expect from you. Double, triple, or sextuple your output. If you're a writer, write twice as much. If you're an actor, get into more plays. If you're a filmmaker, pledge to produce four short films this year instead of onE.Make a painting a day. Aim to top your sales quotas by 50% every month. Do whatever it takes to make yourself more productivE.Learn to do whatever you do in half the time--then halve it again.4. Improve Your OutputMake whatever you make twice as well. Improve the quality of your work until people have no choice but to stop and gape(目瞪口呆). Create standards for your output, and aim to top them every single timE.Take classes, read book, follow a mentor, practice twice as much, commit yourself to doing what it takes to master your craft or profession.5. Expand Your Niche (合适的位置、职业)Do what you do now but with a wider outlook. If you write about dogs, start writing about pets in general. If you sell widgets, get into the widget case bA.YB.NC.NG

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