填空题

A
Rock painting Paintings or engravings found on precipitous cliffs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in Southwest China; Fujian in East China and Mount Yinshan in Inner Mongolia; Altai in China’s extreme west and Heihe in tile far north, are even more ancient. Strong visual effects characterize the bright red cliff paintings in southern China that depict scenes of sacrificial rites, production activities and daily life. In comparison, hunting, animal grazing, wars and dancing are then main themes of cliff paintings in northern China.
B
Painting of beauties The Tang Dynasty (618—907) witnessed the prosperity of figure painting, where the most outstanding painters were Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang. Their paintings, depicting the life of noble women and court ladies, exerted an eternal influence on the development of Shi Nu Hua (painting of beau ties), which comprises an important branch of traditional Chinese painting today.
Beginning in the Five Dynasty (907—960), each dynasty set up an art academy that gathered together the best painters throughout China. Academy members, who were on the government payroll and wore official uniforms, drew portraits of emperors, nobles and aristocrats that depicted their daily lives. The system proved conducive to the development of painting. The succeeding Song Dynasty (960—1127) developed such academies into the Imperial Art Academy.
C
Landscape painting During the Yuan Dynasty (1271—1368) the "Four Great Painters" — Huang Gong-wang, Nizan, Wei Zhen and Wang Meng — represented the highest level of landscape painting. Their works immensely influenced landscape painting of the Ming (1368—1644) and Qing (1644—1911) dynasties. The Ming Dynasty saw the rise of the Women Painting School, which emerged in Suzhou on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Keen to carry on the traditions of Chinese painting, the four women masters blazed new trails and developed their own unique styles. When the Manchus came to power in 1644, the then-best painters showed their resentment to the Qing court in many ways. The "Four Monk Masters" — Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ran — had their heads shaved to demonstrate their determination not to serve the new dynasty, and they soothed their sadness by painting tranquil nature scenes and traditional art. Yangzhou, which faces Suzhou across the Yangtze River, was home to the "Eight Eccentrics" —the eight painters all with strong characters, proud and aloof, who refused to follow orthodoxy. They used freehand brushwork and broadened the horizon of flower-and-bird painting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shanghai, which gave birth to the Shanghai Painting School, had become the most prosperous commercial city and a gathering place for numerous painters. Following the spirit of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, the Shanghai School played a vital role in the transition of Chinese traditional painting from a classical art form to a modem one. The May 4th Movement of 1919, or the New Culture Movement, inspired the Chinese to learn from western art and introduce it to China. Many outstanding painters, led by Xu Beihong, emerged, whose paintings recognized a perfect merging of the merits of both Chinese and Western styles, absorbing western classicism, romanticism and impressionism. Other great painters of this period include Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and ZhangDaqian. Oil painting,a western art, was introduced to China in the 17th century and gained popularity in the early 20th century.
D
New Year painting The popular folk painting — Chinese New Year pictures pinned up on doors, room walls and windows on tile Chinese New Year to invite heavenly blessings and ward off disasters and evil spirits — which dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties. Thanks to the invention of block printing, folk painting became popular in the Song Dynasty and reached its zenith of sophistication in the Qing. Woodcuts have become increasingly diverse in style, variety, theme and artistic form since the early 1980s.
·drew the daily life of upper classes 71. ______
·was aimed to invite blessings and ward off disasters 72. ______
·witnessed the rise of the women painting school 73. ______
·introduced the western art into China 74. ______
·depicts scenes of production activities and animal grazing 75. ______
·was pinned up on doors, walls and windows 76. ______
·was found in the extreme north of China 77. ______
·combines the merits of Chinese and Western classicism, romanticism, etc 78. ______
·has painters to use freehand brushwork in their flower-and-bird painting 79. ______
·was painted by the painters getting government payroll 80. ______

【参考答案】

[C]
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单项选择题
Scientists’s studies show that the key point for the bird to fly is______. [A] its running speed [B] the rotatory function of its wings [C] the altitude it maintained [D] the exact calculations
A running start This could have helped a bird like Archaeopteryx into the air, but its estimated top ground speed wasn’t anywhere near fast enough for liftoff. Chiappe teamed with industrial aerodynamicist Phillip Burgers, who spends his days designing fans and blowers, and just happens to have earned a Ph. D. studying avian flight. The two used aerodynamic theory and biomechanics to re-create the takeoff run of Archaeopteryx. During a run, the researchers found, the bird’s wings were able to rotate by 45 degrees at the shoulder, angled forward like two large oars beating the air. That may have provided the extra burst of speed Archaeopteryx needed to outrun hungry predator or snap up a quick-running lizard. And, the new calculations show, it would also have generated sufficient velocity for takeoff. During the early phase of a run, Burgers explains, Archaeopteryx’s wings acted more like an airplane’s engines than its wings, providing more thrust than lift. Then, once in the air, Archaeopteryx would have rotated its wings back to horizontal, to maintain altitude. Burgers holds that modern birds do exactly the same thing. Why did no one notice until now "We’re infatuated with lift," says Burgers, "because we can’t generate it ourselves. "Chiappe and Burgers have shown that Archaeopteryx could have taken off from the ground, but whether or not it actually did may never be known. "I don’t really care if Archaeopteryx flew or not," says Burgers. After all, people still ask the same question about chickens. "Does a chicken fly Maybe, maybe not. ’But its wings help it get where it needs to go. Flying, it turns out, is just the continuation of running by other means.
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