Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave to a technology (1) based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and science methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed (2) evenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries (3) could use scientific techniques or cared of using them. The list (4) expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science was "engineering science " rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-it had created a belief that the advance of (5) science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usual uncritical acceptance (6) of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science with industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with (7) fundamental science, then proceeding to applying science or technology, (8) and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have opened (9) up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. In sum, the science-technology- industry relationship may flow in several different way, and the (10) particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation.