The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted
in the market places in spite of their products’ manifest advantages.
However,the advertising expenditure for instant coffee (52) ______
was far greater than which for regular coffee. Efforts were made to (53) ______
find the cause of the consumers’ seemingly reasonable resistance to (54) ______
the product. The reason given by most people were dislike of the (55) ______
taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons,
however. This confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic (56) ______
studies,one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire of the University
of California,constructed two shopping lists that were identical except
from one item. There were six items common to both lists with (57) ______
the brands or amounts specify. The seventh item,in fifth place on (58) ______
both lists,read Maxwell House coffee on one list and Nestle Instant
Coffee on other. One list was given to each one in a group of fifty (59) ______
women,and the other list to those in another group of the same size.
The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe,
as far they could,the kind of women (personality and character) (60) ______
who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who
had received the list including instant coffee was described a house (61)______
wife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand,only one
woman in the other group described the housewife,who had included
regular coffee on her list,as lazy.

Although his analysis of Europeans expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes does not argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to a benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law: "When one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so." In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled technological advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landes’s advice to these states in one sentence, it might be "Stop whining and get to work." This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation "will press hard" on them.
The thrust of studies like Landes’s is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind Europe’s rise to power and the creation of modernity more generally. Other historians have placed a greater emphasis on such features as liberty, individualism, and Christianity. In a review essay, the art historian Craig Clunas listed some of the less well known linkages that have been proposed between Western culture and modernity, including the propensities to think quantitatively, enjoy pornography, and consume sugar. All such proposals assume the fundamental aptness of the question: What elements of Europeans civilization led to European success It is a short leap from this assumption to outright triumphalism. The paradigmatic book of this school is, of course, The End of History and the Last Man, in which Francis Fukuyama argues that after the collapse of Nazism in the twentieth century, the only remaining model for human organization in the industrial and communications ages is a combination of market economics and limited, pluralist, democratic government.

[A] strong-minded.
B. intelligent.
C. responsible.
D. compassionate.