Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate
each underlined part into Chinese.
How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow How can
the results of science be used to the best purpose for the benefit of humanity
71. It was to find the answers to these question% which are not merely
academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science
in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to
find them. The way to answer the first question is to find
the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the
progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and
future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set
out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the
flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 72. In
essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when
science is given social importance and material means and is continually
stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and
social spheres. 73. Now these problems have been
essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling
class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology.
The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time
are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are
greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied
with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are
often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their
counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages
such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur,
Kelvin.