填空题

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Man lives in communities. His social existence restricts his (36) in certain directions and extends it in others. Society (37) on him some limitations. People do not all engage in the same activities. They can be (38) from each other by the functions they perform. This process of differentiation is called specialization. Specialization prevents many members of an industrial society from developing intelligence and (39) . But some aspects of human society extend them beyond a point which can be (40) by animals or animal communities lacking the features which human society (41) possesses.
Western type (42) often claim that they provide "equality of opportunity" for all their citizens. At first sight it might seem that this implies the same chance for everyone of succeeding in his (43) occupation provided he is conscious of his goal and is willing to work hard. What the phrase actually implies is something rather different namely a competitive situation in which the number of competitors exceeds the number of rewards, (44) . However, it is only in theory that they all start equal. Even if the state offers them free education and protects them from hunger or extreme poverty, (45) . A process of invisible or hidden selection goes on which has very little to do with "equality of opportunity" in any sense. It is not the individual who selects his job; (46)