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案例分析题

技术为自身的生存和发展而战,并且有着独特的生命周期。我们可以将其划分为以下几个阶段:
首先是先驱阶段。技术的先决条件已经存在,梦想家们可能会考虑把这些元素放在一起。然而即便这些梦想此时已经记录在案,人们也不会将其视为发明创造,比如达•芬奇曾经绘制过很多有说服力的飞机和汽车图画,但人们并不认为他是在发明创造。
其次是发明阶段。这一阶段在人类文化当中相当有名。此一阶段时间比较短,从某些方面来看,这就像___________________________。在这个阶段当中,发明家们把科学技术、好奇心与决心结合起来,通常再加上一定的表演技巧,将各种方法以新的方式结合在一起,给生活带来一种全新的技术。
第三个阶段是发展阶段。新发明会得到那些溺爱它们的监护者(也许还包括最初的发明者)的保护和支持。通常这一阶段比发明阶段要重要,可能还包括额外的创造,这些额外创造比那个独创性发明更重要。当年,许多工匠已经手工制作了非常精美的老式汽车,但使汽车产业得以生根发芽、枝繁叶茂的,却是美国企业家亨利•福特推出的大批量生产的创新做法。
第四个阶段是成熟期。技术在不断进步,现在已经有了自己的生命,也终于成为社会当中独立稳定的部分,也许已经深入人类生活的方方面面。因此许多观察家认为,技术将永存于世。
在下一个阶段(可称为“挑战者时期”)到来时,这种状态会发生有趣的变化。技术界的“新贵”威胁着要排挤那些老技术,其追随者过早宣布了胜利的消息。但是尽管新技术能带来一些独特的益处,仔细思考之后人们却发现,这些新技术在功能和质量方面存在着关键元素缺失的问题。当人们发现这些新技术确实无法改变既有秩序之后,技术的保守派便以此为依据,证明以前的技术方法确实可以永存。
对逐渐老化的技术来说,这通常只是一个短暂的胜利。另一种新技术很快就会出现,它总能成功地将原有技术逼到过时的舞台上,在生命周期的这个部分,技术在逐渐衰败的状态当中度过了晚年,它的最初目的和功能现在都被一个更活泼的竞争对手比下去了。这一阶段约占技术整个生命周期的5%至10%。
最终,技术成为“老古董”,就像马赫轻便马车、拨弦键琴、机电式计算器一样,不得不黯然离场。

下列哪种现象可能发生在技术发展的“挑战者时期”?()

A.数码相机抢夺胶卷相机的市场
B.打字机的功能完全被电脑所代替
C.凡尔纳小说已有对潜艇的构想
D.人们的日常生活离不开智能手机

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