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&8226;Look at the notice below, which shows the different divisions of a manufacturing company.
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Beijing 2008: The First 4G Wireless Olympic Games ?About half a million years ago, Peking man lived in Zhoukoudian, in the southwestern suburbs of what is now Beijing. If you have been to Beijing more recently, or are at all familiar with modern China, then you know this ancient city is going to host the most modern, high-tech Olympic Games ever in 2008. With technology available today, and a vision for what Beijing could be in 2008, there is an opportunity for the hosts to make the city's telecommunications infrastructure--in the words of the Olympic motto — 'swifter, higher, stronger'. The Path to 4GBeijing has the good fortune of looking at previous generations of wireless networks and avoiding the same mistakes as it prepares for 2008. First Generation (1G) wireless telecommunications — the brick-like analog phones that are now collector's items—introduced the cellular architecture that is still being offered by most wireless companies today. Second Generation (2G) wireless supported more users within a cell by using digital technology, which allowed many callers to use the same multiplexed channel. But 2G was still primarily meant for voice communications, not data, except some very low data-rate features, like Short Messaging Service (SMS). So-called 2.5G allowed carriers to increase data rates with a software upgrade at the base transceivers Stations (BTS), as long as consumers purchased new phones too. Third Generation (3G) wireless offers the promise of greater bandwidth, basically bigger data pipes to users, which will allow them to send and receive more information.All of these architectures, however, are still cellular. Cellular architecture is sometimes referred to as a 'star architecture', because users within that cell access a common, centralized base station. The advantage is that given enough time and money, carriers can build nationwide networks, which most of the big carriers have done. Some of the disadvantages include a singular point of failure, no lead balancing, and spectral inefficiencies. The single biggest disadvantage to cellular networks going forward is that as data rates increase, output power will have to increase—or the size of the cells win have to decrease—to support those higher data rates. Since significant increases in output power scare both consumers and regulators, it is far more likely that we will see significantly smaller cells. This will further reduce the return on investment in already fragile 3G business plans.Fourth Generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G:end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP) ,and peer-to-peer(点对点)networking. An all IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data applications they are used to in wired networks. Peer-to-peer networks, where every device is both a transceiver (收发机) and a router (路由器) for other devices in the network, eliminates the weakness of cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not disable the network. The final definition of '4G' will have to include something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment.Let's define '4G' as 'wireless collaborated peer-to-peer networking'. 4G technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity
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SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.Protected by sweaters and a leather Jacket against the biting blasts of the earth wind, I walk along the hillside this afternoon. Snow lies drifted among the wild cherries. Where the wind has swept bare the ground, the soil is frozen and rocklike. On this day of bleak cold, the earth seems dead. Yet every.' field and hillside, like a child, has the seeds and powers of growth hidden within it. From cocoon to bur, on a winter's day, there is everywhere life, dormant but waiting.Within the earth there are roots and seeds: on the bare twigs, there are winter buds: buried in soil and mud beneath ice-locked water are the turtles and frogs and dragonfly nymphs: hidden in decaying logs and under snowcovered debris are the fertilized queens of the wasps and blumblebees. Everywhere ,on all sides of us. as far as winter reigns. life is suspended temporarilv. But it has not succumbed. It is merely dormant for the time being, merely waiting for the magic touch of sating. All the blooms of another summer, all the unfoldin myriad leaves. all the lush green carnet of the grass, all the perfumes of the midsnmmer dusk, all the rush and glitter of the dragonfly' s wings under the August sun--all these are inherent, looked up in the winter earth.Nor is this time of suspended activity wholly wasted. Scientists trove discovered that. for many kinds of seeds, a period of cold is essential to their proper sprouting. They require the months of cold just as they do the days of spring.Seeds that lie on the frozen ground, that are coated with sleet and buried by snow, are thus the most favored of all. Bring those same seeds indoors, cuddle them, keep them warm, protect them from wind and cold and snow, and they sprout readily in the spring. The seeming punishment of winter is providing, in reality, in- valuable aid. Similarly, the eggs of some insects, such as file Rocky. Mountain locust, need cold for proper hatching.Winter cold, the enemy of the easy life, thus is not the enemy of all life. It aids in the proper development of seed and egg. The death like inactivity of the winter earth is anly mi illusion. Life is every where in every foot of frozen soil, in every rocklike yard of solid ground--life is the endless variety of its normal forms.
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