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The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be' all things to all people'. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism,' the nation' s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students.' The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an' integrated core' of common learning. Such a core would introduce students 'to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.'