To obtain representative simulations, accurate models should be developed. Therefore, the validation of an accurate compact model of the nonlinear I–V characteristics of PV modules is essential to design efficient photo-voltaic harvester systems. A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study E、E. Outlining the paper structure